L'articolo scientifico è tuttora uno strumento valido di condivisione del sapere?
E come ci si può orientare in questo oceano di scritti in continua crescita?
Intanto bisogna dire che le riviste che toccano più tematiche sono essenzialmente due: Nature e Science. La stragrande maggioranza delle riviste è specifica di una disciplina (spesso di sotto discipline e anche sotto sotto discipline) quindi chi lavora in un campo attinge a un numero limitato di fonti di conoscenza.
Poi bisogna da considerare che un altro ambiente di confronto e di condivisione del sapere sono le conferenze, spesso strettamente connesse con le pubblicazioni scientifiche, quindi uno scambio di informazioni veicolato dagli articoli scientifici avviene anche di persona (e non solo attraverso la lettura degli articoli dalle riviste).
In conclusione io penso che l'articolo scientifico costituisca ancora, senza dubbio, uno strumento di condivisione del sapere.
Link per approfondire
- Esplorare in classe gli articoli scientifici
- Dieci semplici regole per scrivere un articolo scientifico
- Manualetto per la lettura critica degli articoli scientifici
- Articoli scientifici con titoli o autori bizzarri (Scientific articles with authors or bizarre titles)
- Piccoli scienziati crescono
- A Guide to Writing a Scientific Paper: A Focus on High School Through Graduate Level Student Research
Testi sullo sbadiglio (yawn)
Neurofisiologia, aspetti patologici e possibili funzioni dello sbadiglio: una rassegna (Menin D., Della Vedova M., Dondi M., Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 2021)
Abstract
Negli ultimi decenni si è assistito ad un crescente interesse verso un comportamento a lungo ignorato, lo sbadiglio. La ricerca ha messo in evidenza le condizioni a cui si associa una variazione della sua frequenza, i meccanismi neurofisiologici e patologici che lo regolano. A fronte di questi avanzamenti, la discussione sulle potenziali funzioni svolte dallo sbadiglio è ancora aperta e continuano ad emergere teorie alternative volte a spiegare la sua origine filogenetica. In particolare, sono state avanzate diverse ipotesi ciascuna delle quali attribuisce un ruolo primario ad una funzione fisiologica (respiratoria, legata alla regolazione dell’arousal, termoregolatoria e vincolata ai livelli di cortisolo ematico) o sociale-comunicativa attribuita allo sbadiglio. Questa rassegna offre una sintesi dei risultati sperimentali e delle formulazioni teoriche che si sono accumulate negli ultimi anni nello studio dello sbadiglio, mettendo in luce la difficoltà nel ricondurre la complessità manifestata da questo comportamento ad un’unica spiegazione funzionale.
E' l'empatia la chiave dello sbadiglio contagioso (Jason G. Goldman, Le Scienze, 24 marzo 2014)
Lo sbadiglio, nell'uomo come negli altri animali, è contagioso più di qualunque altro comportamento osservato in un consimile. Una recente ricerca su scimpanzé che vivono in una riserva protetta ha ora dimostrato che queste scimmie imitano lo sbadiglio degli esseri umani, ma non quello di babbuini né di scimpanzé non imparentati con loro. Questo dimostrerebbe che alla base dello sbadiglio contagioso ci sia un sentimento di empatia
Yawning and its physiological significance (Sharat Gupta, Shallu Mittal, International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 2013)
Abstract
Although yawning is a commonly witnessed human behavior, yet it has not been taught in much detail in medical schools because, until the date, no particular physiological significance has been associated with it. It is characterized by opening up of mouth which is accompanied by a long inspiration, with a brief interruption of ventilation and followed by a short expiration. Since time immemorial, yawning has been associated with drowsiness and boredom. However, this age old belief is all set to change as the results of some newer studies have pointed out that yawning might be a way by which our body is trying to accomplish some more meaningful goals. In this review, we have tried to put together some of the important functions that have been proposed by a few authors, with the hope that this article will stimulate the interest of newer researchers in this hitherto unexplored field.
Yawn Contagion and Empathy in Homo sapiens (Ivan Norscia, Elisabetta Palagi, Plos One, 2011)
Abstract
The ability to share others' emotions, or empathy, is crucial for complex social interactions. Clinical, psychological, and neurobiological clues suggest a link between yawn contagion and empathy in humans (Homo sapiens). However, no behavioral evidence has been provided so far. We tested the effect of different variables (e.g., country of origin, sex, yawn characteristics) on yawn contagion by running mixed models applied to observational data collected over 1 year on adult (>16 years old) human subjects. Only social bonding predicted the occurrence, frequency, and latency of yawn contagion. As with other measures of empathy, the rate of contagion was greatest in response to kin, then friends, then acquaintances, and lastly strangers. Related individuals (r≥0.25) showed the greatest contagion, in terms of both occurrence of yawning and frequency of yawns. Strangers and acquaintances showed a longer delay in the yawn response (latency) compared to friends and kin. This outcome suggests that the neuronal activation magnitude related to yawn contagion can differ as a function of subject familiarity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that yawn contagion is primarily driven by the emotional closeness between individuals and not by other variables, such as gender and nationality.
Yawn, yawn, yawn, yawn; yawn, yawn, yawn! The social, evolutionary and neuroscientific facets of contagious yawning (Steven M Platek, Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, 2010)
Abstract
Contagious yawning is a common phenomenon affecting upwards of 60% of healthy humans. It has also been observed, at a lesser rate, in great apes and other primates. Here I summarize the suggestion that contagious yawning is a primitive expression of social cognition, namely empathy. Susceptibility to contagious yawning is correlated with the speed in recognizing one's own face, theory of mind processing, and is also associated with activation in regions of the brain that have been associated with social cognitive processes. This suggests that contagious yawning may be an evolutionarily old process that begot a higher level of social cognition in certain species.
Dogs catch human yawns (Ramiro M Joly-Mascheroni, Atsushi Senju, Alex J Shepherd, Biology Letters, 5 August 2008)
Abstract
This study is the first to demonstrate that human yawns are possibly contagious to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Twenty-nine dogs observed a human yawning or making control mouth movements. Twenty-one dogs yawned when they observed a human yawning, but control mouth movements did not elicit yawning from any of them. The presence of contagious yawning in dogs suggests that this phenomenon is not specific to primate species and may indicate that dogs possess the capacity for a rudimentary form of empathy. Since yawning is known to modulate the levels of arousal, yawn contagion may help coordinate dog–human interaction and communication. Understanding the mechanism as well as the function of contagious yawning between humans and dogs requires more detailed investigation
Psychological Influences on Yawning in Children (Current Psychology Letters, 2003)
Abstract
To trace development of contagious yawning, 87 children aged 2 to 11 years were tested in two putative yawn-inducing situations. Videotaped yawns did not induce yawning in children below 5 years. Reading or listening to a story about yawning had no effect before 6 years. After these ages, the probability of yawning in response to both types of stimuli increased progressively throughout childhood. Contagious yawning probably involves different mechanisms to those operating in neonatal imitation of mouth movements.
Video: chi riesce a non sbadigliare?
Una ecellente traccia di lavoro
Lo sbadigliare contagioso degli scimpanzè (Science in School, 2012)
L'articolo citato in questa traccia di lavoro
Computer animations stimulate contagious yawning in chimpanzees (Matthew W. Campbell, J. Devyn Carter, Darby Proctor, Michelle L. Eisenberg and Frans B. M. de Waal, Biological Sciences, Published: 09 September 2009)
Abstract
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